Where is the first place ovarian cancer spreads to?
Where is the first place ovarian cancer spreads to?
What is the rarest form of ovarian cancer?
What happens to the cells during ovarian cancer?
What is associated with ovarian cancer?
Currently available human tumor cell line panels consist of a small number of lines in each lineage that generally fail to retain the phenotype of the original patient tumor. Here we develop a cell culture medium that enables us to routinely establish cell lines from diverse subtypes of human ovarian cancers with >95% efficiency. Importantly, the 25 new ovarian tumor cell lines described here retain the genomic landscape, histopathology and molecular features of the original tumors. Furthermore, the molecular profile and drug response of these cell lines correlate with distinct groups of primary tumors with different outcomes. Thus, tumor cell lines derived using this methodology represent a significantly improved platform to study human tumor pathophysiology and response to therapy.
Our comparison of copy-number changes, mutations and mRNA expression profiles reveals pronounced differences in molecular profiles between commonly used ovarian cancer cell lines and high-grade serous ovarian cancer tumor samples. We identify several rarely used cell lines that more closely resemble cognate tumor profiles than commonly used cell lines, and we propose these lines as the most suitable models of ovarian cancer.
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Where is the first place ovarian cancer spreads to?
Metastatic ovarian cancer is an advanced stage malignancy that has spread from the cells in the ovaries to distant areas of the body. This type of cancer is most likely to spread to the liver, the fluid around the lungs, the spleen, the intestines, the brain, skin or lymph nodes outside of the abdomen.
What is the rarest form of ovarian cancer?
Clear cell carcinomas are the rarest of the three subtypes. Clear cell carcinoma is typically more aggressive. This means the outlook is often worse.
Like endometrioid carcinomas, clear cell tumors can be caused by endometriosis or noncancerous tumors. Clear cell cancer is typically more aggressive than other types. So your doctor may suggest an equally aggressive treatment plan.
Many women with clear cell tumors undergo total hysterectomies and bilateral oophorectomies. These aggressive treatments prevent the cancer from moving to nearby organs. They also cause infertility.
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What happens to the cells during ovarian cancer?
The ovaries are the part of the female reproductive system that produce eggs every month during a woman's reproductive years. They are located on either side of the lower abdomen. Ovarian cancer occurs when cells in the ovary grow and divide uncontrollably. The cells may form a tumor on the ovary, or they can also break off from the main tumor and spread to other parts of the body. Although ovarian cancer can spread throughout the entire body, in most cases it stays in the abdomen and affects organs such as the intestines, liver and stomach. There are many different types of ovarian cancer. However, most cancers of the ovary (85 percent-90 percent) come from the cells that make up the outer lining of the organ, and are called epithelial ovarian cancers.
What is associated with ovarian cancer?
Getting older
The risk of developing ovarian cancer gets higher with age. Ovarian cancer is rare in women younger than 40. Most ovarian cancers develop after menopause. Half of all ovarian cancers are found in women 63 years of age or older.
Being overweight or obese
Obesity has been linked to a higher risk of developing many cancers. The current information available for ovarian cancer risk and obesity is not clear. Obese women (those with a body mass index [BMI] of at least 30) probably have a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer, but not necessarily the most aggressive types, such as high-grade serous cancers. Obesity may also negatively affect the overall survival of a woman with ovarian cancer.
Having children later or never having a full-term pregnancy
Women who have their first full-term pregnancy after age 35 or who never carried a pregnancy to term have a higher risk of ovarian cancer.
Taking hormone therapy after menopause
Women using estrogens alone or with progesterone after menopause have an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer compared to women who have never used hormones.
Having a family history of ovarian cancer, breast cancer, or colorectal cancer
Ovarian cancer can run in families. Your ovarian cancer risk is increased if your mother, sister, or daughter has (or has had) ovarian cancer. The risk also gets higher the more relatives you have with ovarian cancer. Increased risk for ovarian cancer can also come from your father's side.
A family history of some other types of cancer such as colorectal and breast cancer is linked to an increased risk of ovarian cancer. This is because these cancers can be caused by an inherited mutation (change) in certain genes that cause a family cancer syndrome that increases the risk of ovarian cancer.
Having a family cancer syndrome
Up to 25% of ovarian cancers are a part of family cancer syndromes resulting from inherited changes (mutations) in certain genes.
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC)
This syndrome is caused by inherited mutations in the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2, as well as possibly some other genes that have not yet been found. This syndrome is linked to a high risk of breast cancer as well as ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancers. The risk of some other cancers, such as pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer, are also increased.
Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are also responsible for most inherited ovarian cancers. Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are about 10 times more common in those who are Ashkenazi Jewish than those in the general U.S. population.
The lifetime ovarian cancer risk for women with a BRCA1 mutation is estimated to be between 35% and 70%. This means that if 100 women had a BRCA1 mutation, between 35 and 70 of them would get ovarian cancer. For women with BRCA2 mutations the risk has been estimated to be between 10% and 30% by age 70. These mutations also increase the risks for primary peritoneal carcinoma and fallopian tube carcinoma.
In comparison, the ovarian cancer lifetime risk for the women in the general population is less than 2%.
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