Laboratory Tests
What is Laparotomy?
How many types of laboratory are there?
How many types of medical laboratory are there?
What is the role of medical laboratory?
Laboratory tests check a sample of your blood, urine, or body tissues. A technician or your doctor analyzes the test samples to see if your results fall within the normal range. The tests use a range because what is normal differs from person to person. Many factors affect test results. These include:
- Your sex, age and race
- What you eat and drink
- Medicines you take
- How well you followed pre-test instructions
Your doctor may also compare your results to results from previous tests. Laboratory tests are often part of a routine checkup to look for changes in your health. They also help doctors diagnose medical conditions, plan or evaluate treatments, and monitor diseases.
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What is Laparotomy?
Laparotomy is a surgical procedure that involves a surgeon making one large incision in the abdomen.
Doctors use laparotomy to look inside the abdominal cavity to diagnose or treat abdominal health conditions. Doctors may use laparotomy for a variety of reasons. laparotomy can help them diagnose or treat abdominal conditions, such as:
- abdominal pain
- abdominal trauma
- peritonitis, which is an inflammation of the inner lining of the abdomen
- a perforated organ in the abdomen
- infection in the abdomen
- internal bleeding
- the spread of conditions such as cancer or endometriosis
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How many types of laboratory are there?
Laboratories require a deep understanding of the specific needs, purposes and risks associated with each of them. Some of these requirements are specific to an industry (e.g. pharmaceutical, chemical), or to an activity (e.g. small volume manufacture of high potent products, work with biological agents).
- Analytical and Quality Laboratories
In analytical and quality laboratories products and materials are tested against conformity to specifications and the absence of impurities. These laboratories form an essential component within the production and the supply chain.
- Biosafety Laboratories
The purpose of biosafety laboratories and suites is the containment of potentially harmful biological agents. The containment is achieved through a thoughtful combination of methods, facilities and equipment. The levels of containment go from BSL1 to the highest level of BSL4.
- Cleanrooms
In cleanrooms the number of dust particles permitted per volume of air defines the classification of the clean room. All aspects of the people and materials flows, the mechanical systems and the room finishes are to be consistent with each other. The design and engineering needs to follow either “ISO 14644-1” – “FED STD 209E” – “BS 5295” or “GMP EU” classification.
- Clinical and Medical Laboratories
These laboratories are equipped for diagnostic tests on tissue, blood and other patient samples. They can be subdivided into various processes such as pathology, serology, histology, virology, bacteriology and molecular biology with PCR-technologies.
- Incubator Laboratories
Laboratories conducting microbiological, and cell or tissue culture work require incubators to protect these cultures from the environment. Parameters such as temperature, humidity, and O2 and CO2 levels need to be controlled.
- Production Laboratories
Pilot production or small volume laboratories as a scale-up between R&D and commercial production, or for the production for clinical trials, form a category on their own. Such laboratories can be found in the pharmaceutical, biotech, and the science and technology sectors. Quite often special attention needs to be given towards containment and air quality.
- Research & Development (R&D) Laboratories
This category covers a broad spectrum of laboratories with various risk qualifications and containment requirements such as: PBOEL, Bio Safety Laboratories, laboratories with radio-active risks etc. Also specialized laboratories for seed, crop, material, and life sciences research are part of this category.
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How many types of medical laboratory are there?
Chemistry:
Chemistry performs a wide variety of tests using the most current technology. It is defined as the scientific study of matter and the various compounds of the elements as it relates to the human body. Common tests analyzed in the chemistry laboratory are glucose, cholesterol, BUN, creatinine, potassium, liver and heart enzymes, thyroid tests and hormone tests, and PSA.
Hematology:
Hematology is the study of blood, blood morphology and blood diseases. Hematologists count and classify blood cells into different categories. Coagulation is the study of the clotting activity of blood.
Microbiology:
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. Any bodily fluid or tissue can be cultured for infectious disease. Once bacteria grows in culture, it can be tested against many different antibiotics to find the most effective for fighting the infection while limiting opportunities for antibiotic resistance.
Transfusion Services/Immunology:
Transfusion Services provides blood transfusion support by providing the patient with red cells, plasma, cryoprecipitate, or platelets. Testing is performed on the patient’s blood specimen prior to transfusing to make sure compatible blood is given.
Immunology:
Immunology is the study of immune products such as antibodies produced by the body in response to foreign material.
Surgical Pathology:
Pathology is the branch of medicine, which treats the essential nature of disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body, which cause or are caused by disease.
Cytology:
In cytology, a skilled cytotechnologist examines human cells under the microscope, looking for early signs of cancer and other diseases. The most common type of specimen processed in the Cytology department is the Pap smear. These are Laboratory Departments.
What is the role of medical laboratory?
The major role of a medical laboratory is to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases by performing qualitative, quantitative or screening test procedures or examinations on materials derived from the human body. The laboratory plays a vital role in the overall comprehensive health care system by:
- Confirming provisional diagnosis of the clinician
- Ruling out a diagnosis
- Detecting disease
- Regulating therapy
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